Author: James Day

But Is Your Expectation of Privacy Reasonable?

Most people assume they have a right to privacy, and they would be correct.

While we hear of many such disputes occurring with celebrities, (ex)royalty, politicians, and newspapers, the principles arise in everyday life.

For example:

1. Your neighbour installs CCTV which captures parts of your garden rather than simply their own property; likewise, Ring Doorbells and drones.
2. Someone takes photographs or videos of your children (perhaps on Sports Day, given the time of year) and posts them on social media without your consent.
3. An ex-partner shares personal messages or photographs with others.
4. An architect or contractor takes photographs of the work done at your home and uses those images for advertising without permission.

Now, it does not follow that, having taken a picture on holiday (for example), those featured in that picture have any claim against you for breaching their (right to) privacy; so do not worry.

The question that must be asked and sits at the heart of any civil claim for a breach of your privacy/misuse of private information is:

“Would a reasonable person in your position expect that information to remain private?”

The courts apply a two-stage test.

Was There a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy?

The court first asks whether the claimant had a reasonable expectation that the information (photographs, messages, videos, etc.) would remain private.

Context is key. Information concerning health, finances, family life, relationships and activities inside the home will often attract a strong expectation of privacy (they are clearly more personal in nature).

A useful example is the neighbour’s CCTV camera. Having a camera covering the owner’s driveway is unlikely to cause difficulty. However, if the camera regularly records you, your family members, or substantial areas of your garden, or through your window, the argument that you had a reasonable expectation of privacy becomes considerably stronger.

Is Disclosure Nonetheless Justified?

The court must balance the individual’s right to privacy against any competing interests (i.e. freedom of expression or genuine public interest).

So, while reporting criminal wrongdoing may justify disclosure of information that would otherwise be private, reporting information to satisfy public curiosity usually will not (i.e. while something may be of interest to the public, that is not the same as being in the public interest.

Practical Points

When considering a privacy dispute, ask:

1. What information has been obtained or disclosed?
2. Would a reasonable person regard that information as private?
3. How was the information obtained?
4. Was there any consent?
5. What harm has been caused or could be caused?
6. Is there any genuine public interest in disclosure?

These questions frequently arise in neighbour disputes, workplace disagreements, family conflicts, social media arguments and disputes involving surveillance technology.

What Remedies Are Available?

The most powerful remedy is often an injunction. This can prevent information from being published or require its removal from websites, social media platforms or other publications. The court can order documents, recordings, photographs or electronic data to be returned, destroyed or deleted.

For example, if a neighbour were threatening to publish footage obtained from a CCTV camera overlooking your garden, the court may be willing to intervene before publication occurs.

Damages

A claimant may recover damages for:

• distress and anxiety caused by the misuse of private information; and/or

• financial losses arising from the disclosure (although this is not necessary if the above can be substantiated); and

• legal costs.

Data Protection Claims

Where personal data is involved, a claimant may also have a claim under the UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018. In practice, privacy and data protection claims are frequently pursued together, increasing the potential exposure for the wrongdoer.

Conclusion

Privacy law is not limited to newspaper headlines and celebrity scandals. It affects ordinary people every day.

Whether it is a neighbour’s camera overlooking your property, private messages being shared without consent, recordings being taken inside the home, or personal information being circulated online, the central question remains the same:

Would a reasonable person in your position expect that information to remain private?

If the answer is yes, the law may provide a remedy, ranging from damages and deletion orders to urgent injunctions preventing publication altogether.

If you think that your right to privacy has been breached, please contact James Day at james.day@wellerslawgroup.com or on 01732 457575 or another member of the Dispute Resolution team for a no-obligation initial discussion

Understanding the Law and the Remedies Available

Increasingly, solicitors are instructed where harassment takes place online, through social media, messaging platforms, anonymous emails, website reviews, and coordinated campaigns intended to intimidate or damage an individual’s reputation. The digital age has dramatically expanded how harassment can occur, with the expansion of Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and X, etc. These can include (but are not limited to):

1. threatening text messages;
2. unwanted social media contact; and/or
3. coordinated online campaigns (i.e. revenge porn).

What is harassment?

The principal legislation governing harassment in England and Wales is the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 (“the Act“), enacted to apply to a wide spectrum of oppressive behaviour.

Section 1 of the Act provides that:

“A person must not pursue a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another… and which he knows or ought to know amounts to harassment of the other.”

Two elements are fundamental:

1. there must be a “course of conduct” (i.e. at least two occasions); and
2. the conduct must be sufficiently serious to amount to harassment (rather than a mere annoyance or irritation).

But what amounts to a “course of conduct“?

While “harassment” is not defined in the Act, it does say that it includes “alarming the person or causing the person distress” and to have occurred on at least two occasions.

Furthermore, guidance was given by the High Court in 2010, where Mr Justice Simon said in that case that a harassment claim will only succeed if an individual can show that the conduct:

1. has occurred at least twice (as per the Act);
2. is calculated in an objective sense to cause alarm and distress; and
3. is objectively judged to be oppressive and unreasonable.

The test for harassment is, therefore, an objective one (ergo, the Claimant’s own genuine belief and perception is just one factor which the court will consider when deciding whether to uphold the claim).

Civil or Criminal Harassment?

The Act creates both criminal and civil liability.

However, the threshold for a civil claim is more easily achieved as the claimant needs only to establish harassment on the balance of probabilities (i.e. 49 to 51).

Whereas a criminal claim would require the victim to prove harassment “beyond reasonable doubt” (a much higher threshold).

Furthermore, by advancing a civil claim, the victim maintains control of the matter, whereas they would be beholden to the authorities if pursued criminally. Taking the civil route also allows the claimant to bolster their position by arguing other privacy-based causes of action alongside their harassment claim (for example, misuse of private information, defamation, malicious falsehood, and breach of privacy).

Civil remedies

Injunctions

Perhaps the most valuable remedy, a successful injunction should prevent further harassment by order of the Court that prohibits:

1. contacting the claimant;
2. publishing material;
3. encouraging third parties to harass; and/or
4. communicating via social media.

Applications may be made urgently and, in appropriate cases, without notice. Furthermore, to breach an injunction may constitute contempt of court, punishable by imprisonment (up to five years), fines or seizure of assets, so it should be treated with the utmost seriousness.

Damages

Section 3 of the Act allows recovery for:

1. anxiety;
2. psychiatric injury;
3. financial loss;
4. any reputational damage (where appropriate); and
5. any consequential losses flowing from the harassment.

Disclosure Orders

Where anonymous online abuse is involved, claimants may seek disclosure orders against internet service providers or platform operators to identify anonymous individuals before substantive proceedings commence (for example, IP address). Such an order is commonly referred to as a “Norwich Pharmacal Order” (although used in other civil matters where the defendant’s identity is unknown). As such, in the event of harassment online and by an anonymous source, there is a legal mechanism whereby disclosure can be ordered.

Practical considerations

For victims, early legal advice is often critical. Evidence should be preserved carefully, including:

1. screenshots;
2. emails;
3. metadata;
4. call logs;
5. witness evidence; and/or
6. evidence demonstrating the effect upon the victim.

Conclusion

Harassment law has developed considerably since the Act first came into force. The courts now recognise that sustained campaigns of intimidation are no less serious because they occur through smartphones or social media rather than face-to-face.

For individuals, prompt legal intervention can often prevent harassment from escalating and protect both reputation and well-being. If you think that you are the victim of harassment, please do not hesitate to contact James Day at james.day@wellerslawgroup.com or another member of the Dispute Resolution team for a no-obligation initial discussion.